Central registry for binding features using dynamic pointers

ABSTRACT

A first feature (e.g., chart or table) includes a reference to a dynamic pointer. Independently, the pointer is defined to point to a second feature (e.g., a query). The first feature is automatically updated to reflect a current value of the second feature. The reference to the pointer and pointer definition are recorded in a central registry, and changes to the pointer or second feature automatically cause the first feature to be updated to reflect the change. A mapping between features can be generated using the registry and can identify interrelationships to a developer. Further, changes in the registry can be tracked, such that a developer can view changes pertaining to a particular time period and/or feature of interest (e.g., corresponding to an operation problem).

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of, and hereby claimspriority under 35 U.S.C. §120 to, U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/266,840, entitled “Central Registry for Binding Features UsingDynamic Pointers,” by inventor Itay A. Neeman, filed on 1 May 2014, nowU.S. Pat. No. 9,229,985. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/266,840 isitself a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/910,811,filed Jun. 5, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,756,614. The entire contents ofeach of the above-listed applications are hereby incorporated byreference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to computer-implemented systemsand methods for managing dynamic pointers and facilitating automaticupdating of electronic features using dynamic pointers.

BACKGROUND

Electronic developers use programming languages and/or user interfacesto develop webpages, app software or other interfaces. In one instance,the developed electronic media can be dynamic and selectively presentinteraction options or content that depend on factors such as past userselections or recent events. In another instance, the developed media'sinteraction objects or content can be subject to repeated developerupdates.

In either instance, the developer is faced with a problem of how toaddress uncertainty in the face of designing other portions of themedia. The developer may choose to attempt to reduce or eliminatedependencies on the uncertain aspect, or he may be faced with repeatedlyupdating dependent aspects based on a current dynamic or selected value.The former approach limits the media's functional and presentationcapabilities. The latter approach requires substantial time investmentand is error-prone.

SUMMARY

In accordance with the teachings provided herein, systems and methodsfor using a central registry to facilitate app development and to manageand use dynamic pointers are provided. A developer creates a firstfeature (e.g., chart or table) that references a dynamic pointer. Thepointer is defined as pointing to a second feature (e.g., a query thatreturns “a value” which can be responsive to or identifying user input).The reference can be created before defining the pointer or theconverse. The reference and pointer definition are recorded in a centralregistry. The first feature is then bound to the pointer and secondfeature and registered to receive notifications of changes to thepointer and/or second feature. The first feature is dynamically updatedbased on a current value of the second feature. For example, a cell in atable can reflect a selected value of a query, or options in a firstquery can be determined based on a selected value for a second query.Thus, the developer need not repeatedly revise the first feature toaccommodate each second-feature value.

In one feature, the pointer definition may subsequently change (e.g., topoint to a third feature). The first feature will be notified of thechange and its registrations will be adjusted appropriately. The firstfeature will automatically reflect the change. If multiple featuresreference the pointer, all features are automatically updated withoutrequiring the developer to suffer through an error-prone approach ofmodifying each feature. In another feature, the developer maysubsequently revise the first feature to reference another pointer.Registrations will again be appropriately adjusted.

At any given time, the central registry can be used to understand therelationships between features and pointers. For example, the registrycan be used to identify, for a given feature, all other features boundto it. Intermediate binding pointers and binding directionality canfurther be identified. This information can be presented to a developervia text and/or graphics to facilitate environment understanding anddebugging.

Binding changes (e.g., definitions of pointers or references topointers) are tracked. All or part of the binding history can then bepresented to the developer. For example, the history can presented usinga visual timeline with markers representing binding changes and textassociated with the markers providing details about the change. Thedeveloper can filter the history to focus on a particular time period orparticular features. Thus, e.g., if the developer is aware of a problemthat began during a time period and/or involving an feature, events soassociated can suggest changes that led to the problem.

In some embodiments, a computer-implemented method is provided. Themethod includes receiving, at an app management system, first input thatidentifies a type of first app feature and that indicates that the firstapp feature is to depend on a dynamic pointer and updating a centralregistry to indicate that the first app feature depends on the dynamicpointer. The method also includes receiving, at the app managementsystem, second input that indicates that the dynamic pointer is to beset to point to a second app feature and updating the central registryto indicate that the dynamic pointer points to the second app feature.The method further includes detecting an event indicating that thepointing of the dynamic pointer or that a value of the second appfeature has changed and causing, in response to the event detection, avalue of the first app feature to change.

In some embodiments, a system is provided that includes one or more dataprocessors and a non-transitory computer readable storage mediumcontaining instructions which when executed on the one or more dataprocessors, cause the processor to perform operations includingreceiving, at an app management system, first input that identifies atype of first app feature and that indicates that the first app featureis to depend on a dynamic pointer. The operations further includeupdating a central registry to indicate that the first app featuredepends on the dynamic pointer; and receiving, at the app managementsystem, second input that indicates that the dynamic pointer is to beset to point to a second app feature. The operations also includeupdating the central registry to indicate that the dynamic pointerpoints to the second app feature, detecting an event indicating that thepointing of the dynamic pointer or that a value of the second appfeature has changed, and causing, in response to the event detection, avalue of the first app feature to change.

In some embodiments, a computer-program product is provided that istangibly embodied in a non-transitory machine-readable storage mediumthat includes instructions configured to cause one or more dataprocessors to receive, at an app management system, first input thatidentifies a type of first app feature and that indicates that the firstapp feature is to depend on a dynamic pointer. The instructions arefurther configured to cause the one or more data processors to update acentral registry to indicate that the first app feature depends on thedynamic pointer; and receive, at the app management system, second inputthat indicates that the dynamic pointer is to be set to point to asecond app feature. The instructions are further configured to cause theone or more data processors to update the central registry to indicatethat the dynamic pointer points to the second app feature, detect anevent indicating that the pointing of the dynamic pointer or that avalue of the second app feature has changed, and cause, in response tothe event detection, a value of the first app feature to change.

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth inthe accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features,aspects, and advantages of the invention will become apparent from thedescription, the drawings, and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure is described in conjunction with the appendedfigures:

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of an app-provisioninteraction system;

FIG. 2 illustrates example representations of a variety of app features;

FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of app management system;

FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate examples of snapshots of dynamic maps betweenapp features and pointers to reflect current dependencies;

FIG. 5 illustrates an example representation identifying a history ofevents pertaining to a map of interrelated features and dynamicpointers;

FIG. 6 illustrates an example representation identifyinginterrelationships between app features;

FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process forfacilitating app development;

FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process fortracking feature and pointer dependencies in a central registry;

FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process fordynamically updating a first feature based on a dynamic pointer'sdefinition;

FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process fordynamically updating a first feature based on a dynamic pointer'sdefinition;

FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process fordynamically updating a first feature based on a dynamic pointer'sdefinition;

FIG. 12 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process fordynamically updating a first feature based on a definition of a newlyreferenced dynamic pointer;

FIG. 13 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process fordynamically updating a first feature based on a change to a bound secondfeature;

FIG. 14 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process fortracking and presenting changes in the central registry;

FIG. 15 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process foridentifying interrelationships between features and dynamic pointers;and

FIG. 16 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process foridentifying interrelationships between features and dynamic pointers;

FIG. 17 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of app data managementsystem; and

FIG. 18 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process forstoring and using big data.

Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicatelike elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The ensuing description provides preferred exemplary embodiment(s) onlyand is not intended to limit the scope, applicability or configurationof the disclosure. Rather, the ensuing description of the preferredexemplary embodiment(s) will provide those skilled in the art with anenabling description for implementing a preferred exemplary embodiment.It is understood that various changes can be made in the function andarrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope asset forth in the appended claims.

Referring first to FIG. 1, a block diagram of an embodiment of anapp-provision interaction system 100 is shown. A developer 105 and/oruser can interact with an app management system 150 via respectivedevices 110 and/or 120 and a network 140, such as the Internet, a widearea network (WAN), local area network (LAN) or other backbone. In someembodiments, app management system 150 is made available to one or moreof developer 105 and/or user 115 via an app (that can be downloaded toand executed on a portable electronic device) or a website. It will beunderstood that, although only one developer 105 and user 115 are shown,system 100 can include multiple developers 105 and/or users 115.

Developer device 110 and/or user device 120 can each be a singleelectronic device, such as a hand-held electronic device (e.g., asmartphone). It will be understood that developer device 110 and/or userdevice 120 can also include a system that includes multiple devicesand/or components. The device(s) 110 and/or 120 can comprise a computer,such as the desktop computer, a laptop computer or a tablet. In someinstances, a party 105 and/or 115 uses different devices at differenttimes to interact with app management system 150.

App management system 150 provides developer 105 with tools tofacilitate development of an app. Developer 105 interacts with appmanagement system 150 to define an operation and presentation of an app.As will be described in greater detail below, developer 105 can enterinput that causes various app features to be defined.

App features include elements of an app that receive and/or presentinput to users 115. An app feature can be identified by its name and itsvalue(s). The name can be textual or numeric and is used to distinguishthe particular app features from other app features. To illustrate,names can include examples such as: Query1, Chart3,SatisfactionAssessment, or Client1PerformanceChart. Most frequently, thename is substantially or completely fixed, such that it does not varymerely based on user input or developer modification to the app feature.An app feature's value(s) indicate the feature's content and/oroperation capabilities. For example, developer 105 can enter text thatis to be presented or presentable (e.g., and is presented subsequent toreceiving user input) as part of the feature. In one instance, developer105 defines a set of first values for the app feature which can beiteratively or simultaneously presented to a user 115, and user 115 canselect amongst the first values (e.g., using a pull-down menu or radiobuttons) to define a second value. As another example, a value isautomatically calculated based on underlying data. For example, appmanagement system 150 can continuously identify virtual-machineperformance characteristics (e.g., a bandwidth, memory usage, responsetime, etc.). Each of a set of app features can further process and/orhave a value set to a real-time characteristic.

FIG. 2 illustrates example representations of a variety of app features.App features 205 and 210 are query features, where a value can bedefined (e.g., via selection by a user 115). In this instance, queryfeatures 205 and 210 include drop-down menus presenting a list ofinitial values from which the user can select a value. In otherinstances, a query feature can include a list of radio buttons, an opentext box, a format-restricted text box (e.g., only accepting numbers),etc. In various embodiments, a query value can be set or selected by auser 115 using an app or by a developer 105 defining the app. In oneinstance, the initial values shown in query feature 210 depend on aselected value from query feature 205.

App features 215 and 220 are table and chart queries, respectively.Table feature 215 includes 25 cells, each of which can have a valuetherein. Chart feature 220 includes a pie graph, with four portionscontributing to the whole. The values and/or portions can be againdefined by a user and/or developer, or they can reflect values fromanother app feature (e.g., a cell value in table feature 215 can be setto a value selected in a query feature, or values contributing to achart in chart feature 220 can be defined based on cell values in atable feature 215). App feature 225 is a timeline feature, that showshistorical values. For example, one set of bars may reflect, for varioustimepoints, which value was selected using a query feature or aperformance characteristic.

Ultimately, using input from developer 105 and capabilities of appmanagement system 150, an app code is generated or updated and stored.This code can reference and/or define app features to be used in theapp's operation. App management system 150 then executes the code suchthat the corresponding app can be presented to and used by users 115.During the app's execution, app management system 150 calls on andutilizes one or more resources 160 which can be remote from orco-located with app management system 150.

It will be appreciated that, while FIG. 1 shows app management system150 as being separate from resources 160, in some embodiments, parts ofsystem 150 are present on one or more resources 160. For example,databases or data summarizers can be present on resources 160.

Referring next to FIG. 3, a block diagram of an embodiment of appmanagement system 150 is shown. App management system 150 can be, inpart or in its entirety, in a cloud. In some instances, at least part ofapp management system 150 is present on a device, such as a developerdevice 110. In some instances, various components in app managementsystem 150 are present in a set of resource. For example, librarydatabase 315 can be stored on resource 160-1, code database 325 can bestored on resource 160-2, and central registry 335 can be stored onresource 160-n. Thus, app management system 150 can include adistributed system.

App management system 150 includes an app developer 305 that interactswith a developer 105 to facilitate development of an app. Initially, appdeveloper 305 requests one or more libraries from library provider 310.Library provider 310 can use default a library selection (e.g., alwaysproviding a same library) or can base the selection based oncharacteristics of developer 105 and/or indications as to what type ofapp developer 105 wishes to develop. For example, developer's inputand/or account data can identify a subscription type or level, aprogramming-skill level, an industry, a foreseen user-involvement level,and/or an authorization. Based on this data, one or more libraries canbe appropriately selected. In one instance, library provider 310 and appdeveloper 305 can coordinate to present a list of available libraries(potentially with associated costs) to developer 105, and he can thenselect which libraries will be provided.

Library provider 310 can then collect the appropriate library (orlibraries) from library database 315. The library can include routines,subroutines, classes, modules and/or functions which can be stored inobject format. It will be appreciated that disclosures that refer to“subroutines” herein can be extended to embodiments instead pertainingto routines, classes, modules, functions, etc. A library can includesubroutines that pertain to app features and/or dynamic pointers. Forexample, a routine can register an app feature (e.g., by registering itsname), determine whether an app feature exists, define an app feature orrevoke an app feature.

The library can be made accessible to a developer 105 (via app developer305). In one instance, a link can be provided, where selection of thelink causes the library to be downloaded to a developer device 110. Inone instance, the library is downloaded to a resource 160. Further,library provider 310 can provide instructions and/or examples toillustrate how aspects of the library (e.g., specific subroutines) canbe used. In one instance, providing a library includes presenting namesof available subroutines.

Developer 105 can upload or otherwise define app objects (e.g.,graphics, videos, animations, etc.), which app developer 305 can storein an app-object database 320. Further, app developer 305 can facilitatethe generation of a code (e.g., based on input from developer 105) thatdefines an app. The code can be stored in a code database 325. In oneinstance, a developer 105 uploads or enters code that loads a libraryand calls one or more subroutines from the library.

Developer 105 can interact with app developer 305 and utilize librarysubroutines to register and/or create an app feature. Initially,developer 105 can define a name of the app feature (e.g., while callinga feature-generation or feature-registration subroutine). A featureengine 330 can detect the instantiation (e.g., by detecting the call tothe appropriate subroutine) and register the new app feature in acentral registry 335. This registration can include identifying, e.g.,the app feature's name, an app or code calling the registrationsubroutine, the developer responsible for the registration, anindication as to whether the app feature is empty or includes data(e.g., the feature being empty until it is otherwise defined), and/or anindication as to whether the app feature calls or references any dynamicpointers. It will be appreciated that while names (of features and/or ofdynamic pointers) will typically include alphanumeric text, otheridentifiers can be used (e.g., numbers). Registration can include addingthe identifying information to a list, column, row or matrix in centralregistry 335. The registration can further include assigning a uniqueidentifier (e.g., a number, alphanumeric code or index) to the appfeature.

Feature engine 330 can further detect feature-defining actions. Forexample, feature engine can detect use of a feature-defining subroutineor other triggering input. Creation of certain object types (e.g., usingtraditional coding language or subroutine calls) can cause the createdobject to be automatically registered. For example, creation of a menu,list, matrix, query, table and/or chart can automatically cause theobject to be registered. In these instances, feature engine 330 cansimultaneously detect the feature instantiation and that the feature isdefined. Upon detecting that a feature is defined, feature engine 330can update central registry 335 to reflect the definition. For example,a status of the app feature can be changed from empty to present. Asanother example, a location (e.g., code name and, potentially, a linenumber) of the feature's definition can be recorded in central registry.

Feature engine 330 can detect other feature-related actions. Forexample, feature engine 330 can detect a command or other actionindicating that an app feature is to be removed from central registry335 (e.g., a revoke command), and feature engine can then remove the appfeature (e.g., its name, any associated binding and/or otherinformation) from registry 335. As another example, feature engine 330can detect a command or input requesting information about registeredapp features in central registry 335. The request can include a requestfor, e.g.: a list of registered app features, confirmation as to whethera particular app feature is registered, a status of an app feature(empty or present), whether an app feature is bound to another appfeature or references a pointer (described in further detail below),etc. Feature engine 330 can search central registry 335 to determine aresponse to the request and relay the result to developer 105 via appdeveloper 305.

A pointer engine 340 can add dynamic pointers to central registry 335.Code or input can be used to explicitly initialize and/or define adynamic pointer. For example, a code can initialize a pointer variable,or a developer can interact with a graphical user interface to request apointer generation.

Pointer engine 340 can detect such code or input and can then add thepointer to central registry 335. Adding the pointer can include adding aname of the pointer and/or adding a value of the pointer to a list,column, row or matrix in central registry 335. The list, column, row ormatrix can be within a same structure as one that identifies an appfeature or corresponds to a similar list, column, row or matrix thatidentifies an app feature. Alternatively, they can be independent andnon-corresponding (e.g., with regard to listing order). The value of thepointer can identify another app feature or it can be set to empty if noother app feature has yet be identified. In some instances, pointerengine 340 only adds the pointer to central registry 335 afterconfirming that registry 335 does not already include the pointer (e.g.,by searching for the pointer's name).

Pointer engine 340 can also or alternatively detect less explicitpointer-defining code or input. For example, code for an app feature canforego defining or registering a dynamic pointer but nonethelessreference (or call) a dynamic pointer. Such reference can indicate thatat least part of the first app feature's value is to depend on a valueof another app feature pointed to by the dynamic pointer. This detectioncan be aided in instances in which dynamic pointers are to have aparticular format. Upon detecting the attempted utilization of thedynamic pointer, pointer engine 340 can add the dynamic pointer (e.g.,by adding its identified name) to central registry 335.

Thus, a dynamic pointer can be registered to central registry 335 beforeit is defined. That is, pointer engine 340 detects a new pointer and itsname, but the pointer is not set to or pointing to any other object.Pointer engine 340 can then monitor code and/or input for a subsequentdefinition. Even once a pointer is defined, pointer engine 340 cancontinue to monitor code and/or input such that it can detect anychanges or overrides to the pointer's definition.

Typically, a pointer's definition will include an identification of anapp feature. The pointer's definition can further identify a particularfield or variable within the app feature. The pointer's definition canbe realized based on. e.g., a code (a code for a feature that calls thedynamic pointer or another code) or input received from a developer 105via a graphical user interface.

Upon detecting the definition, pointer engine 340 can update centralregistry 335 to reflect the definition. For example, central registry335 can have an entry for a pointer, and the entry can be updated toinclude an identifier of an app feature (e.g., its name, entry index,unique identifier, etc.).

The pointer can be defined to point to an app feature that is notregistered with central registry 335. In these cases, pointer engine 340can prompt feature engine 330 to register an appropriate empty appfeature to central registry 335.

It will be appreciated that the order of the pointer registration,pointer definition, app feature registration and app feature definitionis malleable. That is, in some embodiments, it is acceptable to bothdefine an app feature that calls a dynamic pointer before defining thedynamic pointer and to define the dynamic pointer before defining theapp feature that calls the dynamic pointer. Similarly, in someembodiments, it is acceptable to both define a dynamic pointer thatpoints to an app feature before defining the app feature and theconverse. Thus, feature engine 330 can regularly or continuously monitor(e.g., monitor code or interface interactions) to detect new or changedreferences to pointers in app features.

Feature engine 330 can further coordinate binding between elements incentral registry 335. Specifically, an app feature can be directly boundto a dynamic pointer and/or indirectly bound to another app feature.Feature engine 330 can directly bind the app feature to the dynamicpointer after detecting that the app feature calls, references orotherwise depends on the dynamic pointer. Feature engine 330 canindirectly bind the app feature to the other app feature upon detectingthat the app feature is directly bound to a dynamic pointer and thedynamic pointer is set to a value of the second app feature.

Binding can include links or connections between central registryentries (e.g., feature entries and/or pointer entries) or a portion ofthe entries that identify a bound object. For example, a binding linkcan include a vector, with a first element that identifies a referringapp feature and a second element that identifies a dynamic pointer. Asanother example, a portion of an app feature entry can indicate that itis directly bound to a “myquery” dynamic pointer and indirectly bound toa “query1” app feature, or a portion of “query1” can indicate that“feature1” is to be notified of changes involving the query.

Bindings can be direction, such that a binding points in a direction ofgreater independence. That is, if a first app feature references adynamic pointer which is set to a second app feature, bindings betweenthe first app feature and the dynamic pointer and second app featurewill point away from the first app feature.

FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate bindings between registry elements. Eachcircle represents a registry entry for an app feature or dynamicpointer, and each black line represents a binding. In FIG. 4A, two appfeatures represented in a top row reference or call a dynamic pointer.Thus, they are directly bound to the respective pointers Pointerdefinitions are represented by the gray lines. Each pointer is set to aparticular app feature. Indirect bindings (show as dashed lines) aregenerated between app features that are connected via pointers.

In FIG. 4A, referring and target features are shown independently. Insome instances, there is no such explicit separation from thesefeatures. Rather, features can be generally registered with centralregistry 335 and can serve as a referring feature, a target feature orboth. For example, in FIG. 4B, Feature 2 serves as both a referringfeature (referencing Pointer 3) and a target feature (with Pointer 1being set to Feature 2). FIG. 4B further illustrates that a pointer(e.g., Pointer 2) can be included in the registry despite not beingdefined.

Once a referring feature is bound to a pointer or target feature, anevent detector 345 registers the feature to receive notifications ofregistry events pertaining to the pointer or target feature. Thisregistration allows the referring feature to “listen” to eventspertaining to the pointer or target feature. Event detector 345 monitorscentral registry 335 to detect any registry events. Events can include,e.g., a new pointer registration, a new app feature registration, a newpointer definition, a new app feature definition, a change to apointer's definition, a change to an app feature's definition, a removalof a pointer, or a removal of an app feature. Event detector 345 candetect the time of the event, an identifier of the involved pointer orapp feature, and/or a type of the event (e.g., registration, definition,change, or revocation). Event detector 345 can store the detectedinformation in an event-history database 350.

Event detector 345 can further determine which app features areregistered to receive notification of the detected event (e.g., arelistening for events involving the event-pertaining feature or pointer).For example, event detector 345 can search a set of binding link vectorsor app-feature elements for any that include an identifier of theevent-pertaining feature or pointer. Event detector can then notifyfeature engine 330 of the event and the app features listening for theevent. Feature engine 330 can update code for the listening featuresbased on the event. In some instances, the feature code need not beupdated but the app feature will automatically be updated in response tothe event.

A code executor 355 (which can include a compiler) can (in response to arequest from a user or develop or periodically) execute the code. Thecode can include codes for features, which can reference dynamicpointers. Code executor 355 can access central registry to determine acurrent value for the pointers. The pointer values can then beseamlessly integrated into the features.

App management system 150 includes two summarizers that can aid adeveloper 105 in understanding the state(s) and operation(s) of an app.A historical summarizer 360 accesses the event-history database 350 andcollects a series of events. Historical summarizer 360 can filter theevents and/or restrict the collection based on, e.g., a time period ofinterest, app-feature types of interest, a developer of interest and/ora type of event of interest. Historical summarizer 360 can sort orotherwise arrange the events, e.g., based on one or more of these sameproperties. The properties can be defined by a developer (e.g., as apreference or in a recent historical-summary request) or by system 150(e.g., based on default properties or based on characteristics ofdeveloper 150 or registry 335).

Historical summarizer 360 can generate a time line. Each event isassigned a position along an axis corresponding to a time of the event.A symbol (e.g., tick mark, circle, x, dashed line, etc.) can bepresented at the position, along with other indications characterizingthe event. For example, text or colors can indicate the type of eventthat occurred, the involved features and/or pointers and/or a developerwho initiated the event. Event times may or may not be explicitly orimplicitly identified. For example, each event can be accompanied bytext noting the event time, or extremes of a timeline can include timeidentifiers with event times being indicated by their position along thetimeline.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example representation identifying a history ofevents pertaining to app features and dynamic pointers. Each verticalblock represents an event. Its horizontal location along the timelinerepresents a time of the event. Text in the block characterizes theevent. Blocks with a single app feature name indicate that the appfeature was created. The blocks with arrows indicate that an indirectbinding was generated between the app feature listed before the arrow tothe app feature listed after the arrow. The blocks with colons indicatethat a value for the app feature listed before the colon was set to thatidentified after the colon. This particular illustration does notdirectly represent the involvement of pointers but instead focuses onthe resulting indirect binding facilitated by the pointers. However,such events could be included in the timeline in other embodiments.

Historical summarizer 360 can present the historical summary to adeveloper 105 via an interface or send the summary to developer 105 viaemail. Developer 105 can interact with the summary and adjust filteringin substantially real-time (e.g., causing the presented summary to bequickly and smoothly readjusted). For example, developer 105 can zoominto or out of a time period.

Developer 105 can interact with the summary to delete eventrepresentations. Such an action can serve to merely reduce the presenteddata or can take effect to actually reverse the particular event (e.g.,a pointer definition change, app feature registration, etc.).

A map summarizer 365 can construct a map that identifiesinterrelationships between app features and/or pointers. Map summarizer365 can identify a set of unique features in central registry 335. Theunique features can be unique features amongst all features in registry335 or amongst some of the features in registry 335 (e.g., thosepertaining to a particular app or developer). Map summarizer 365 canthen search bindings to determine which features are bound (e.g.,indirectly bound) together and the directionality of the binding. Foreach feature, map summarizer 365 can also record its type and/or itsvalue.

Map summarizer 365 can further similarly identify a set of uniquedynamic pointers or those dynamic pointers facilitating indirectbinders. Any involvement of these dynamic pointers in indirect bindingcan be determined based on direct bindings between a referring appfeature and a pointer and the pointer definition.

Map summarizer 365 can then generate a high-level map that identifiesthe interconnectivity between app features (and potentially between appfeatures and dynamic pointers). The map is high-level in that it doesnot concentrate on a single binding but instead indicates a set or allof the bindings involving an app feature. Thus, e.g., if a particularapp feature referenced three pointers that were defined based on valuesfrom the other app features, the map would identify all three resultingindirect bindings.

Map summarizer 365 can then generate and present a map (e.g., includingtext, a chart or a graphic) that indicates the feature (and potentiallypointer) relationships. Information can accompany the map to, e.g.,identify, for one, more or each feature, its type and/or value. In someinstances, bindings are represented using lines or arrows (with thearrow's direction representing a dependency direction).

FIG. 6 illustrates an example presentation of a map identifyinginterrelationships between features. Once again, the tail of each arrowis at an app feature that depends on the feature at the head of thefeature. Thus, for example, Query2 is set to search for data of type “A”since the value of Dropdown1 is “A”. Similarly. Query3 is set to searchfor data of types “A” and “E” due to the values of Dropdown1 andDropDown2. Dropdown1 and Dropdown2 have options that are selected basedon the results to Query1 and Query2, respectively. Table1, Chart1 andTimeline1 can include elements that reflect the result of Query3. Thispresentation can allow a developer 105 to determine an impact of aparticular app feature (e.g., whether it is being used at all) andidentify all app features with a dynamic element due to the indirectbinding.

Map summarizer 365 can receive input from a developer that influencesits map generation and/or presentation. For example, a developer 105 canidentify a time point (e.g., by entering a date or by sliding a markeralong a time bar). Based on the current bindings and definitionsrecorded in central registry 335 and based on the event history indatabase 350, map summarizer can derive a map with bindings existing atthe time point. In another instance, past registry data can itself bestored. As another example, a developer 105 can identify one or moreparticular app features of interest (e.g., one(s) not appearing asintended), and map summarizer 365 can generate a restricted mapincluding all bindings involving the particular app feature(s). Adefault setting or input from developer 105 can identify a level ofrelationship to present. For example, the developer may wish to view allfeatures separated from a feature of interest by no more than one, twoor n dynamic pointers.

The presented map can be static or interactive. In the latter instance,a developer 105 may be able to move binding representations and/or addor delete feature or pointer representations. Map summarizer 365 maythen appropriately adjust central registry 335 in accordance with theactions.

FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process 700 forfacilitating app development. Process 700 begins at block 705, wherelibrary provider 310 selects a library from library database 315. Thelibrary can be selected based on characteristics of a developer usingapp management system 105, input from the developer identifying a typeof app that he wishes to develop, and/or default library selections. Thelibrary can include subroutines that enable the developer to utilizedynamic pointers and app features calling dynamic pointers. Libraryprovider 310 provides the library to developer 105 at block 710. Theprovision can include an action that enables developer 105 to utilizethe functionality and/or subroutines of the library.

App developer 305 generates code thereby developing an app based ondeveloper actions at block 715. This development may include merelyreceiving code entered by developer 105. App developer 305 may or maynot further modify the received code. The development may includeconverting developer interactions with a graphical user interface tocode. The code can include reference to a dynamic pointer, definition ofan app feature and/or definition of a dynamic pointer. App developer 305stores the code in code database 325 at block 720. The code can beassociated with developer 105 and/or an app name in database 325.

App developer 305 stores one or more app objects in app-objects database320 at block 725. These app objects can include ones uploaded bydeveloper 105 or defined by developer 105 during interactions with acoding module or graphical user interface of app management system 150.The app objects can include ones referenced by the stored app code.

Code executor 355 avails app to users 115 at block 730. For example,code executor 355 can provide a link (with hyperlinked text or icon)that will initiate app execution. As another example, code executor 355can add an identifier of the app to a database or store, such that usershave the ability to purchase and/or download it.

Code executor 355 appropriately utilizes resources and executes the appat block 735. The app may be executed in a cloud and/or on a user device120. Definitions of dynamic pointers, references to dynamic pointersand/or bindings between app features and dynamic points and/or other appfeatures may be substantially or entirely fixed once a user begins touse the app. Alternatively, cloud-based communications can continue tomodify such aspects after receiving developer instruction to do so.

FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process 800 fortracking feature and pointer dependencies in a central registry. Process800 begins at block 805, where pointer engine 340 receives, via appdeveloper 305, a name for dynamic pointer from developer 105. The namecan be received as part of an explicit attempt to define or register thedynamic pointer or based on a first reference to the pointer in a code(e.g., a code defining an app feature). Pointer engine 340 updatescentral registry 335 to include the name of the dynamic pointer at block810. Pointer engine 340 may first confirm that the name of the dynamicpointer was not previously added to registry 335. If the dynamic pointerhas not yet been defined or set to point to an app feature, its valuecan be empty. Otherwise, its value can be set to include a name of anappropriate app feature.

Feature engine 330 receives a name of a feature at block 815. Developer105 can identify the name, or it can be automatically assigned upondetecting that a new app feature is being defined. Feature engine 330updates central registry to include the name of the new app feature atblock 820. Feature engine 330 may first confirm that the name of the appfeature was not previously added to registry 335.

Feature engine 330 receives characteristics of the app feature at block825. In some instances, a characteristic indicates that a presentationand/or operation of the app feature is to depend on another app feature(e.g., via a dynamic pointer). The characteristics can be directlyidentified by developer 105 (e.g., by selecting options or utilizing GUIbuttons) or identified as part of a code for the feature. Feature engine330 can generate or update a code to define the feature such that itincludes the characteristics. This code can be separate from or part ofan overall code defining an app. Feature engine 330 updates codedatabase 325 to include the code at block 830.

FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process 900 fordynamically updating a first feature based on a dynamic pointer'sdefinition. Process 900 begins at block 905, where feature engine 330detects a reference to a pointer name in code of first app feature. Thefirst app feature and the pointer can be ones already registered. Ifthat is not the case, they can both be registered with central registry335. In response to the detection at block 305, feature engine 330 bindsthe name of the first feature to the name of the pointer in centralregistry 335 at block 910. As a consequence of the binding, eventdetector 345 registers the first feature to receive notifications ofevents pertaining to the dynamic pointer at block 915.

Pointer engine 340 sets a value for the dynamic pointer to a name of asecond feature at block 920. This pointer definition can occur afterreceiving a code or other input from developer 105 indicating that thesecond feature is the intended target for the pointer. It is possiblethat the second feature includes multiple variables, each of which canhave a value. Thus, the pointer definition can then be formatted to notonly identify the second feature but also to identify the variable ofinterest.

Feature engine 330 binds the name of the first feature to a name of thesecond feature (or name of a variable of the second feature) in registryat block 925. This binding is an indirect binding, as it is instituteddue to the connection facilitated by the intermediate dynamic pointer.Event detector 345 registers the first feature to receive notificationsof events pertaining to the second feature at block 930.

The setting of the pointer value at block 920 is itself an event, thatthe first feature was registered to be alerted of at block 915. Thus, atblock 935, event detector 345 notifies the first feature of the pointerdefinition. In practice, this notification can include notifying featureengine 330 of the event and identifying the feature which may beaffected by the change. In some instances, feature engine 330 willactively alter code of the first feature based on the event. Forexample, a feature engine 330 may generate a simplified code byreplacing the reference to the dynamic pointer (or code defining anypreviously pointed to feature) with code of the pointed-to secondfeature. In some instances, no active code alteration is necessary, andthe pointer operates to automatically incorporate the appropriate code.

Code executor 355 utilizes the original or modified code of the firstfeature (and/or the pointer value and/or code of the second feature) togenerate the first app feature at block 940. It will be appreciated thatthe generation can include modifying a previously generated first appfeature. The first app feature may then have a value equal to a value ofthe second feature, or a format or content of the first app feature maybe selected based on the value of the second feature (e.g., utilizing anif command or other processing).

FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process 1000 fordynamically updating a first feature based on a dynamic pointer'sdefinition. Process 1000 begins at block 1005, where pointer engine 340sets a value for the dynamic pointer to a name of a second feature.Feature engine 330 detects a reference to the name of the pointer in acode defining the first app feature at block 1010. Feature engine 330then binds the name of a first feature to a name of the pointer and to aname of the second feature in central registry 335 at block 1015.

Event detector 345 registers the first feature to receive eventspertaining to the pointer and/or to the second feature at block 1020.Code executor 355 generates the first app feature at block 1025, suchthat the operation and/or presentation of the first feature reflect avalue of the second feature. In some instances, process 1000 furtherincludes event detector 345 notifying the first feature of the pointerdefinition (e.g., by notifying feature engine 330). Even though no suchevent occurred after the first feature was registered to receive suchevents, the notification can nonetheless be sent such that the firstfeature can reflect the current pointer setting. As before, in someinstances, a feature engine 330 generates a modified first-feature codethat replaces a pointer reference with code of the second feature, andin some instances, no such modification is necessary.

In some instances, at least part of the order of the blocks in process900 and 1000 reflects an actual order. That is, process 900 canillustrate a situation where the first app feature references a pointerprior to it being defined, and process 1000 illustrates a situationwhere the pointer is defined prior to the first app feature referencingthe pointer. The use of central registry 335 dynamic pointers providesthe flexibility to use either order, which can ease coding or(app-defining) efforts and reduce error probabilities.

FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process 1100 fordynamically updating a first feature based on a dynamic pointer'sdefinition. Blocks 1105-1130 of process 1100 can substantially parallelsimilar blocks in process 900 and/or process 1000.

At block 1135, pointer engine 340 changes the value of the pointer bysetting it to a name of a third feature. Consequentially, event detector345 can adjust registrations appropriately. Specifically, event detector345 registers the first feature to receive notifications of eventspertaining to the third feature at block 1140, and event detector 345unregisters the first feature to receive notifications of eventspertaining to the second feature at block 1145.

The first feature was already registered to receive events pertaining tothe pointer (block 1120), and thus, event detector 345 notifies thefirst feature of the new pointer definition at block 1150. Code executor355 then generates the first app feature at block 1155, such that theoperation and/or presentation of the first feature reflect a value ofthe third feature.

FIG. 12 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process 1200 fordynamically updating a first feature based on a definition of a newlyreferenced dynamic pointer. Blocks 1205-1220 and 1230-1240 in process1200 can substantially parallel similar blocks in process 900 and/orprocess 1000.

Meanwhile, process 1200 involves two pointers. Pointer engine 340 setsthe second dynamic pointer to a name of a third app feature at block1225. At block 1245, feature engine 330 detects that the reference inthe first feature code changes from referencing the first pointer toreferencing the second pointer.

Event detector 345 then adjusts registrations appropriately.Specifically, event detector 345 registers the first feature to receivenotifications of events pertaining to the second pointer and/or thethird feature at block 1250, and event detector 345 unregisters thefirst feature to receive notifications of events pertaining to the firstpointer and/or the second feature at block 1255. Code executor 355 thengenerates the first app feature at block 1260, such that the operationand/or presentation of the first feature reflect a value of the thirdfeature.

FIG. 13 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process 1300 fordynamically updating a first feature based on a change to a bound secondfeature. Blocks 1305-1330 of process 1300 can substantially parallelsimilar blocks in process 900 and/or process 1000.

At block 1335, feature engine 330 modifies the second feature. Themodification can be based, e.g., on input from developer 105, adatabase, a current time, user entries, etc. Thus, in some instances,the modification is due to a new result obtained responsive to automaticprocessing. Feature engine 330 notifies central registry 335 that thechange occurred at block 1340. The notification may or may not includeadditional details as to what type of change occurred and/or what or whoinitiated the change.

Because the first feature was registered to receive notifications ofevents pertaining to the second feature, event detector 345 notifies thefirst feature of the change occurrence at block 1345. This notificationalso may or may not include additional details as to what type of changeoccurred. Code executor 355 then generates the first app feature atblock 1350, such that the operation and/or presentation of the firstfeature reflect a value of the modified second feature.

Thus, processes 1100-1300 illustrate how the use of dynamic pointers andcentral registry 335 can allow a developer 105 to easily adjust thepresentation and/or operation of a first feature—not by recoding majorportions of the first feature—but by simply shifting a pointerdefinition, referencing a new feature or allowing system 150 toautomatically process updates of other feature updates. This aspect canbe particularly advantageous if developer 105 wishes to adjust thepresentation and/or operation of many features in a similar manner.System 150 enables developer 105 to accomplish such an objective byadjusting a single variable, thereby also reducing the probability ofintroducing errors or presentation of unintended content in the app.

FIG. 14 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process 1400 fortracking and presenting changes in the central registry. Process 1400begins at block 1405, where event detector 345 detects events at centralregistry 335. The events could include, e.g., a registration of apointer, a registration of an app feature, a new or changed definitionof a pointer, alert of new definition of an app feature, a new orchanged direct binding from an app feature to a pointer, a new orchanged indirect binding from an app feature to another app feature, aremoval or a pointer, a removal of an app feature, a removal of a directbinding and/or a removal of an indirect binding.

Event detector 345 stores event details in event-history database 350 atblock 1410. The details can include: an identification that an eventoccurred, an identification as to what type of event occurred (e.g., anidentification of one of the above-listed event types), a date and timeof the event, an identification of any party or circumstance initiatingthe event and/or an identification of one, more or all app featuresinfluenced by the event (e.g., due to binding).

Historical summarizer 360 collects event data from event-historydatabase 350 at block 1415. The collected data can be all event datewith dates and times within a time period, influencing a particular appfeature or group of app features, pertaining to a particular app ordeveloper, of one or more types, etc. In some instances, the selectionof data is determined based on input from developer 105 (e.g., defininga time period of interest). Historical summarizer 360 sorts thecollected data at block 1420. For example, events can be arrangedchronologically. Additional sorting (e.g., separating new registrationsfrom changes or removals) can also be performed.

Historical summarizer 360 generates a presentation of the sorted data atblock 1425. The presentation can include. e.g., a timeline, such as theone illustrated in FIG. 5. The presentation can identify the events, theinvolved app features and/or pointers and/or the times of the events.Historical summarizer 360 presents the presentation of sorted data atblock 1430. For example, the presentation can be presented on aninterface screen to a developer 105.

Historical summarizer 360 receives filtering input from developer atblock 1435. The filtering input can, e.g., define one or more timeboundaries, an event type of interest, one or more app features ofinterest, one or more pointers of interest, an identification of whetherautomatic or developer-initiated events are of interest, etc. Historicalsummarizer 360 may then recollect and/or resort data based on thefiltering. In one instance, block 1435 includes the developer selectingand deleting an event, which may merely delete the event from view orhave an effect of reversing the event's occurrence.

Historical summarizer 360 adjusts the presentation at block 1440. Theadjusted presentation can conform to the filtering input received atblock 1435. The presentation adjustment can be dynamic and in real-time(e.g., zooming in or out of a timeline) or can prompt a new presentationto occur or to be transmitted.

FIG. 15 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process 1500 foridentifying interrelationships between features and dynamic pointers.Process 1500 begins at block 1505, where map summarizer 365 identifiesunique dynamic pointers in central registry 335.

For one of the identified pointers, feature engine 330 identifies allfeatures referencing the dynamic pointer at block 1510. For example,feature engine 330 can identify all app features directly bound to thepointer. Feature engine 330 identifies which app feature (and/orapp-feature variable) is present in a definition of dynamic pointer atblock 1515. Feature engine 330 determines indirect bindings betweenfeatures based on references and definition at block 1520. Blocks1510-1520 are repeated for each pointer. It will be appreciated that, insome instances, block 1505 is omitted from process 1500 and/or featureengine 330 determines indirect bindings in response to central registry335 being changed in a manner than will influence current indirectbindings.

Map summarizer 365 generates map of bindings at block 1525. The map caninclude direct bindings, pointer definitions and/or indirect bindings.Thus, in one instance, the map only includes indirect bindings and doesnot include identifiers of pointers. The map can be constructed tofocus, not primarily on individual bindings, but to show how appfeatures and/or pointers are interconnected more globally (e.g.,illustrating convergence and divergence of bindings).

Map summarizer 365 generates a presentation of the map at block 1530.The presentation can include identifiers of app features, pointers andone or more types of bindings determined at block 1520. Examples of mapsare illustrated in FIGS. 4A, 4B and 6. Map summarizer 365 presents thepresentation of the map at block 1535. For example, the presentation canbe presented via an interface of an app or website or emailed (e.g., toa developer.

Map summarizer 365 receives filtering input from developer 105 at block1540. Map summarizer adjusts the presentation in accordance with thefiltering input at block 1540. Filtering input may identify one or moretypes of app features, types of pointers and/or types of bindings ofinterest. Filtering may identify a time point. Thus, in one instance, adeveloper 150 can, e.g., slide a marker across a time bar such that thepresented map reflects the bindings current at the represented time. Inorder to adjust the presentation, map summarizer 365 may re-generate themap. In another instance (e.g., where the filtering input defines a timepoint of interest), map summarizer 365 may identify events that occurredbetween a previous time point identified and the recent one, such thatthe map can be adjusted based on the events.

FIG. 16 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process 1600 foridentifying interrelationships between features and dynamic pointers.Blocks 1625-1645 can substantially parallel corresponding blocks inprocess 1500. However, in process 1600, rather than determining indirectbindings between features, map summarizer 365 merely accesses theindirect bindings at block 1605 already determined (e.g., by featureengine 330) and stored in central registry 335.

It will be appreciated that embodiments herein can relate to theprocessing, storing and/or presentation of structured, semi-structuredand/or unstructured data. For example, a developer 105 can build an appthat selectively collects portions of the data, which are then analyzed,summarized and/or presented to users 115. Developer 105 can allow user115 to interact with the data in specified manners (e.g., to adjust adata-summarization level or, correspondingly, a level of detail).

An app feature (e.g., a query) can include or be based on such data. Toillustrate, a query can identify a number of stored events within a timeperiod having a particular field value. Other app features can depend onthe data-dependent app feature via a dynamic pointer, as describedabove. In another illustration, a dynamic pointer can be set to point toa portion of the data itself (e.g., a collection of field values).

Data can include, for example:

Log data: types of data access attempts, times of data access attempts,users attempting access, access successes, subsequent user behaviors(e.g., subsequently accessed data or access reattempts), erroroccurrences, warning occurrences, serving resources

Message data (e.g., email data): sender identifiers, recipientidentifiers, transmission times, subject lines, message sizes, messageformats, message contents

Media data: identifiers of movie, picture or sound files; values infiles; size of files; entity that uploaded or owns the files; filetypes; keywords

Sensor data (e.g., light sensor, motion sensor, accelerometer): sensoridentifiers, sensor locations, sensor values

User activity data (e.g., web-access data): web-page identifiers, useridentifiers, locations of users, IP addresses of users, devices used byusers via access, sequences of page access, access durations,information entered via web pages

Social-network data: identifiers of users connected to each other, typesof connections, times of connection initiation

Inventory data: identifiers of products, product prices, inventoryremaining, inventory sold, sale locations, sale prices, profits,manufacturer identifiers

Economic data (e.g., stock data, home-sale data): buyer identifiers,purchase times, identifiers of purchased commodity, seller identifiers,location of purchased commodity (if applicable)

Employment data: employer identifiers, employee identifiers, employmentlocations, position types, hire times, termination times, promotiontimes, promotion types, connections between employees (e.g., betweensupervisors and supervised employees), salaries

Medical data (e.g., MRI data, EEG data, medical records): patientidentifiers, test identifiers, test data, analysis data

Genomic data: species identifiers, genes, intra-species reliability,nucleotides, gene identifiers, behavior or disease couplings (e.g.,identifying a set of nucleotides being part of gene which is linked to aparticular disease)

Search data: search occurrence, search terms, search constraints, usersconducting searches, databases searched, results returned, resultsselected by (e.g., clicked on) by users

Call data: phone number and/or user initiating calls, phone numberand/or user receiving calls, whether calls were answered, time of callinitiations, duration of calls

Electrical data (e.g., electricity usage): user identifiers, times ofusage, amounts of usage, sources of electricity used (e.g., coal,natural gas, nuclear, solar, wind, etc.)

Neuroscience data (e.g., recordings from neurons): times of recordings,recording values, cell identifiers, amplification settings, users owningrecordings

As implied from the above examples, data stored and/or used can includea plurality of events (or entries), each of which can include values forparticular fields. For example, in the “message data” instance, eachevent can correspond to a message, and each event can include a valuefor each of the following fields: sender, recipient, message time,subject, message size, message format, and message content.

FIG. 17 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of app data managementsystem 1700. Data intake 1705 receives data. e.g., from a data provider,developer, or client. The data can include automatically collected data,data uploaded by users, or data provided by the data provider directly.In some instances, the data includes a structure that allows forindividual events and field values within the events to be easilyidentified. The structure can be predefined and/or identified within thedata. For example, various strings or characters can separate and/oridentify fields. As another example, field values can be arranged withina multi-dimensional structure, such as a table. In some instances, datapartly or completely lacks an explicit structure. For example, acontinuous data stream can include multiple events, each with multiplefield values.

A schema engine 1710 identifies an applicable schema that can be used toextract specific field values by imposing structure on data.Specifically, a schema can be “bound” to data, by breaking a data stream(e.g., a byte stream) into events and/or extracting field values, suchas a time stamp. Schema binding can occur while receiving data, prior tostoring data, while storing data, while processing data, whileresponding to a search query or some combination of the above (e.g.,separating data into events at intake and extracting field values fromevents while responding to a search query). Late binding schema can beused, which imposes structure on the data at query time rather than atstorage or ingestion time.

In structured data, an applicable schema is known, such that fieldvalues can be reliably extracted. In such instances, schema engine 1710can receive the schema from a developer, data provider, developer orother client, or schema engine 1710 can identify the schema from thedata itself (e.g., with headers or tags identifying various fields, suchas <event><message time>2013.01.05.06.59.59</> . . . </>). Inunstructured data, schema engine 1710 can estimate the schemaautomatically or on command. For example, schema engine 1710 mayidentify patterns of characters or breaks within the data stream andestimate field breaks. Received or estimated schemas are stored in aschema database 1715. Schema engine 1710 can perform the schemaestimation once or multiple times (e.g., continuously or at routineintervals). In some instances, a developer, client or data provider canprovide input indicating a satisfaction with or correction to estimatedschema.

Using the schema, an event parser 1720 can separate the received datainto events. For example, event parser 1720 can separate data betweenparticular start and stop tags, or separate data within a table's row,or separate data within particular character numbers in the data. Alsousing the schema, a field extractor 1725 can extract various fieldvalues. In some instances, field extractor 1725 further attaches asemantic meaning to the extracted field values (e.g., based on a lengthand/or character types of the field values). Field extractor 1725 canfurther convert field values into a particular (e.g., standard or easilysearchable) format.

A storage engine 1730 can store data in an event database 1735. It willbe appreciated that event database 1735 can include multiple databasesor sub-databases. Event database 1735 can be stored in working,short-term and/or long-term memory. In various instances, event database1735 can include raw data, extracted events or extracted field values.It will be appreciated that, in some instances, part of the datareceived by data intake 1705 can be deleted or not stored (e.g., fieldbreaks).

Events and/or field values can be stored at locations based on a fieldvalue. For example, a field value identifying a message sender may bestored in one of ten databases, the database being chosen based on amessage time. In some instances, rather than grouping various datacomponents at specific storage areas, event database 1735 includes anindex that tracks identifiers of events and/or fields and of fieldvalues. Selective storage grouping can be referred to as storing data in“buckets”. Bucket definitions can be fixed or defined based on inputfrom a data provider, developer or client. Input and/or automatic rulescan be used to add, merge or delete buckets.

A search engine 1740 can subsequently access and search all or part ofevent database. The search can be performed upon receiving a searchquery from a developer, user or client. In some instances, a definedsearch query is repeatedly performed. Segregation of data into eventsand/or fields can allow for more efficient searching. The search mayinclude, e.g., a request to return values for one or more first fieldsfor all events having specified values (e.g., specific values or valueswithin a specific range) for one or more second fields. To illustrate, adeveloped may request that that sender identifiers be returned for allmessage events having a subject with three or more non-alphanumericcharacters. Upon retrieving the event data of interest, search engine1740 may further process the results (e.g., to obtain an average,frequency, count or other statistic). Search engine 1740 can return thesearch result to the developer, client or user, e.g., via an interface(such as a web interface or app interface) or email.

FIG. 18 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process 1800 forstoring and using big data. Process 1800 begins at block 1805, wheredata intake 1705 receives data. Schema engine 1710 identifies anapplicable schema at block 1810. Event parser 1820 applies the schema toseparate the data into events at block 1815. Field extractor 1725applies the schema to extract field values from the events at block1820. Storage engine 1730 stores raw data, events and/or field values inevent database 1735 (e.g., by assigning the data, events and/or fieldvalues to buckets based on particular field values) at block 1825.

Search engine 1740 receives a search query from a searcher (e.g.,client, developer or user) at block 1830. The search query can includeone or more criteria which can specify or constrain field values. Searchengine 1740 searches event database 1735 at block 1835. The search canentail searching only some of event database 1735 (e.g., including fieldvalues of interest). The search can produce identifiers of events ofinterest. Search engine 1740 may then collect other field values forthose events of interest. A search result can include the collectedother field values and/or a processed version thereof. Search engine1740 returns the search result to the searcher at block 1840.

It will be appreciated that system 1700 and/or process 1800 can bemodified such that schema is not bound to data (or only a portion of theschema is bound to data) immediately following intake. For example,schema could instead be bound prior to or during storage of the data orat a query time (e.g., subsequent to block 1830 of process 1800).

Embodiments of the subject matter and the functional operationsdescribed in this specification can be implemented in digital electroniccircuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including thestructures disclosed in this specification and their structuralequivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Embodiments ofthe subject matter described in this specification can be implemented asone or more computer program products. i.e., one or more modules ofcomputer program instructions encoded on a computer readable medium forexecution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus.

The computer readable medium can be a machine readable storage device, amachine readable storage substrate, a memory device, a composition ofmatter effecting a machine readable propagated signal, or a combinationof one or more of them. The term “data processing apparatus” encompassesall apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including byway of example a programmable processor, a computer, or multipleprocessors or computers. The apparatus can include, in addition tohardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computerprogram in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, aprotocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or acombination of one or more of them, A propagated signal is anartificially generated signal, e.g., a machine generated electrical,optical, or electromagnetic signal, that is generated to encodeinformation for transmission to suitable receiver apparatus.

A computer program (also known as a program, software, softwareapplication, script, or code), can be written in any form of programminglanguage, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can bedeployed in any form, including as a stand alone program or as a module,component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computingenvironment. A computer program does not necessarily correspond to afile in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a filethat holds other programs or data (e.g., on or more scripts stored in amarkup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program inquestion, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store oneor more modules, sub programs, or portions of code). A computer programcan be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computersthat are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites andinterconnected by a communication network.

The processes and logic flows described in this specification can beperformed by one or more programmable processors executing one or morecomputer programs to perform functions by operating on input data andgenerating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performedby, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logiccircuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC(application specific integrated circuit).

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, byway of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, andany one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, aprocessor will receive instructions and data from a read only memory ora random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer area processor for performing instructions and one or more memory devicesfor storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will alsoinclude, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer datato, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g.,magnetic, magneto optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computerneed not have such devices. Moreover, a computer can be embedded inanother device, e.g., a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant(PDA), a mobile audio player, a Global Positioning System (GPS)receiver, to name just a few. Computer readable media suitable forstoring computer program instructions and data include all forms ofnonvolatile memory, media, and memory devices, including by way ofexample semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flashmemory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removabledisks; magneto optical disks; and CD ROM and DVD ROM disks. Theprocessor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in,special purpose logic circuitry.

To provide for interaction with a user, architecture provider orreviewer, embodiments of the subject matter described in thisspecification can be implemented on a computer having a display device,e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) to LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor,for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointingdevice, e.g., a mouse or a trackball by which the user can provide inputto the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide forinteraction with a user, architecture provider or reviewer as well; forexample, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensoryfeedback, e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback;and input from the user, architecture provider or reviewer can bereceived in any from, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input.

Embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can beimplemented in a computing system that includes a back end component,e.g., as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, e.g.,an application server, or that includes a front end component, e.g., aclient computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browserthrough which a user can interact with an implementation of the subjectmatter described in this specification, or any combination of one ormore such back end, middleware, or front end components. The componentsof the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digitaldata communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples ofcommunication networks include a local area network (“LAN”) and a widearea network (“WAN”), e.g., the Internet.

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client andserver are generally remote from each other and typically interactthrough a communication network. The relationship of client and serverarises by virtue of computer programs running on the respectivecomputers and having a client server relationship to each other.

While this specification contains many specifics, these should not beconstrued as limitations on the scope of the invention or of what may beclaimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particularembodiments of the invention. Certain features that are described inthis specification in the context or separate embodiments can also beimplemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, variousfeatures that are described in the context of a single embodiment canalso be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in anysuitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be describedabove as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed assuch, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some casesbe excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may bedirected to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.

Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particularorder, this should not be understood as requiring that such operationsbe performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, orthat all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirableresults. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processingmay be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various systemcomponents in the embodiments described above should not be understoodas requiring such separation in all embodiments, and it should beunderstood that the described program components and systems cangenerally be integrated together in a single software product orpackaged into multiple software products.

Thus, particular embodiments of the invention have been described. Otherembodiments are within the scope of the following claims. For example,the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different orderand still achieve desirable results.

What is claimed is:
 1. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storinginstructions that, when executed by a client computing device, causeperformance of: responsive to determining that app features have beencreated, automatically registering the app features within a registry asa referring feature, a target feature, or both a target feature and areferring feature; responsive to detecting that a referring feature ofthe app features is bound to a target feature of the app features,automatically registering, within the registry, the referring feature toreceive notifications of events pertaining to the target feature;responsive to detecting a change associated with the target feature:identifying relevant app features of the app features that areregistered to receive notifications about events pertaining to thetarget feature, wherein the relevant app features include the referringfeature; and notifying the relevant app features about the changeassociated with the target feature.
 2. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the change associated withthe target feature includes at least one of: a new registration of thetarget feature; a change to the target feature's definition; a change tothe target feature; or a removal of the target feature.
 3. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein thereferring feature is configured to respond to the notifying the relevantapp feature by updating data presented by the referring feature toreflect data in the target feature.
 4. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the instructions, whenexecuted by the client computing device, further cause performance oftracking a history of modifications to the registry.
 5. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein theinstructions, when executed by the client computing device, furthercause performance of: tracking a history of events associated with theregistry; and presenting a visual timeline of the events in the history.6. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein theinstructions, when executed by the client computing device, furthercause performance of generating a map of interrelationships between atleast some of the app features.
 7. The non-transitory computer-readablemedium of claim 1, wherein the target feature is configured to execute asearch query that returns values, and wherein the referring feature isconfigured to execute code for displaying a chart or table based uponthe values.
 8. A method comprising: sending one or more libraries ofcode to a client device, wherein the one or more libraries cause theclient device to perform, during execution of application code thatreferences the one or more libraries of code: responsive to determiningthat app features have been created, automatically registering the appfeatures within a registry as a referring feature, a target feature, orboth a target feature and a referring feature; responsive to detectingthat a referring feature of the app features is bound to a targetfeature of the app features, automatically registering, within theregistry, the referring feature to receive notifications of eventspertaining to the target feature; responsive to detecting a changeassociated with the target feature: identifying relevant app features ofthe app features that are registered to receive notifications aboutevents pertaining to the target feature, wherein the relevant appfeatures include the referring feature; and notifying the relevant appfeatures about the change associated with the target feature.
 9. Themethod of claim 8, wherein the change associated with the target featureincludes at least one of: a new registration of the target feature; achange to the target feature's definition; a change to the targetfeature; or a removal of the target feature.
 10. The method of claim 8,wherein the referring feature responds to the notifying the relevant appfeature by updating data presented by the referring feature to reflectdata in the target feature.
 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the oneor more libraries of code further cause the client device to track ahistory of modifications to the registry.
 12. The method of claim 8,wherein the one or more libraries of code further cause the clientdevice to: track a history of events that modify the registry; andpresent a visual timeline of the events in the history.
 13. The methodof claim 8, wherein the one or more libraries of code further cause theclient device to generate, based on the registry, a map ofinterrelationships between at least some of the app features.
 14. Themethod of claim 8, wherein the target feature executes a search querythat returns values, wherein the referring feature executes code fordisplaying a chart or table based upon the values.
 15. A systemcomprising: one or more processors; a data repository; a data server toconduct searches upon the data repository; a server to send one or morelibraries of code to a client device; wherein the one or more librariescause the client device to perform, during execution of application codethat references the one or more libraries of code: responsive todetermining that app features have been created, automaticallyregistering the app features within a registry as a referring feature, atarget feature, or both a target feature and a referring feature;responsive to detecting that a referring feature of the app features isbound to a target feature of the app features, automaticallyregistering, within the registry, the referring feature to receivenotifications of events pertaining to the target feature; responsive todetecting a change associated with the target feature: identifyingrelevant app features of the app features that are registered to receivenotifications about events pertaining to the target feature, wherein therelevant app features include the referring feature; and notifying therelevant app features about the change associated with the targetfeature.
 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the change associated withthe target feature includes at least one of: a new registration of thetarget feature; a change to the target feature's definition; a change tothe target feature; or a removal of the target feature.
 17. The systemof claim 15, wherein the referring feature responds to the notifying therelevant app feature by updating data presented by the referring featureto reflect data in the target feature.
 18. The system of claim 15,wherein the one or more libraries of code further cause the clientdevice to track a history of modifications to the registry.
 19. Thesystem of claim 15, wherein the one or more libraries of code furthercause the client device to: track a history of events that modify theregistry; and present a visual timeline of the events in the history.20. The system of claim 15, wherein the one or more libraries of codefurther cause the client device to generate, based on the registry, amap of interrelationships between at least some of the app features.